Papadocs: Pesquisar conceitos

ACMCCS98
- General Literature
  - GENERAL
    - Biographies/autobiographies
    - Conference proceedings
    - General literary works (e.g., fiction, plays)
  - INTRODUCTORY AND SURVEY
  - REFERENCE (e.g., dictionaries, encyclopedias, glossaries)
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Hardware
  - GENERAL
  - CONTROL STRUCTURES AND MICROPROGRAMMING
    - General
    - Control Design Styles
      - Hardwired control
      - Microprogrammed logic arrays
      - Writable control store
    - Control Structure Performance Analysis and Design Aids
      - Automatic synthesis
      - Formal models
      - Simulation
    - Control Structure Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
      - Diagnostics
      - Error-checking
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
    - Microprogram Design Aids
      - Firmware engineering
      - Languages and compilers
      - Machine-independent microcode generation
      - Optimization
      - Verification
    - Microcode Applications
      - Direct data manipulation
      - Firmware support of operating systems/instruction sets
      - Instruction set interpretation
      - Peripheral control
      - Special-purpose
    - Miscellaneous
  - ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC STRUCTURES
    - General
    - Design Styles
      - Calculator
      - Parallel
      - Pipeline
    - Performance Analysis and Design Aids
      - Simulation
      - Verification
      - Worst-case analysis
    - Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
      - Diagnostics
      - Error-checking
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
    - High-Speed Arithmetic
      - Algorithms
      - Cost/performance
    - Miscellaneous
  - MEMORY STRUCTURES
    - General
    - Semiconductor Memories
      - Dynamic memory (DRAM)
      - Read-only memory (ROM)
      - Static memory (SRAM)
    - Design Styles
      - Associative memories
      - Cache memories
      - Interleaved memories
      - Mass storage (e.g., magnetic, optical, RAID)
      - Primary memory
      - Sequential-access memory
      - Shared memory
      - Virtual memory
    - Performance Analysis and Design Aids
      - Formal models
      - Simulation
      - Worst-case analysis
    - Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
      - Diagnostics
      - Error-checking
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
    - Miscellaneous
  - INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS
    - General
    - Data Communications Devices
      - Processors
      - Receivers (e.g., voice, data, image)
      - Transmitters
    - Input/Output Devices
      - Channels and controllers
      - Data terminals and printers
      - Image display
      - Voice
    - Interconnections (Subsystems)
      - Asynchronous/synchronous operation
      - Fiber optics
      - Interfaces
      - Parallel I/O
      - Physical structures (e.g., backplanes, cables, chip carriers)
      - Topology (e.g., bus, point-to-point)
    - Performance Analysis and Design Aids
      - Formal models
      - Simulation
      - Verification
      - Worst-case analysis
    - Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
      - Built-in tests
      - Diagnostics
      - Error-checking
      - Hardware reliability
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
    - Miscellaneous
  - REGISTER-TRANSFER-LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION
    - General
    - Design
      - Arithmetic and logic units
      - Control design
      - Data-path design
      - Memory design
      - Styles (e.g., parallel, pipeline, special-purpose)
    - Design Aids
      - Automatic synthesis
      - Hardware description languages
      - Optimization
      - Simulation
      - Verification
    - Reliability and Testing
      - Built-in tests
      - Error-checking
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
      - Testability
    - Miscellaneous
  - LOGIC DESIGN
    - General
    - Design Styles
      - Cellular arrays and automata
      - Combinational logic
      - Logic arrays
      - Memory control and access
      - Memory used as logic
      - Parallel circuits
      - Sequential circuits
    - Reliability and Testing
      - Built-in tests
      - Error-checking
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
      - Testability
    - Design Aids
      - Automatic synthesis
      - Hardware description languages
      - Optimization
      - Simulation
      - Switching theory
      - Verification
    - Miscellaneous
  - INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
    - General
    - Types and Design Styles
      - Advanced technologies
      - Algorithms implemented in hardware
      - Gate arrays
      - Input/output circuits
      - Memory technologies
      - Microprocessors and microcomputers
      - Standard cells
      - VLSI (very large scale integration)
    - Design Aids
      - Graphics
      - Layout
      - Placement and routing
      - Simulation
      - Verification
    - Reliability and Testing
      - Built-in tests
      - Error-checking
      - Redundant design
      - Test generation
      - Testability
    - Miscellaneous
  - PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY
    - General
    - Reliability, Testing, and Fault-Tolerance
    - Performance Analysis and Design Aids
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS
    - Design management
- Computer Systems Organization
  - GENERAL
    - Hardware/software interfaces
    - Instruction set design (e.g., RISC, CISC, VLIW)
    - Modeling of computer architecture
    - System architectures
    - Systems specification methodology
  - PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURES
    - General
    - Single Data Stream Architectures
      - Multiple-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (MISD)
      - Pipeline processors
      - RISC/CISC, VLIW architectures
      - Single-instruction-stream, single-data-stream processors (SISD)
      - Von Neumann architectures
    - Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)
      - Array and vector processors
      - Associative processors
      - Connection machines
      - Interconnection architectures (e.g., common bus, multiport memory, crossbar switch)
      - Multiple-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (MIMD)
      - Parallel processors
      - Pipeline processors
      - Single-instruction-stream, multiple-data-stream processors (SIMD)
    - Other Architecture Styles
      - Adaptable architectures
      - Analog computers
      - Capability architectures
      - Cellular architecture (e.g., mobile)
      - Data-flow architectures
      - Heterogeneous (hybrid) systems
      - High-level language architectures
      - Neural nets
      - Pipeline processors
      - Stack-oriented processors
    - Parallel Architectures
      - Distributed architectures
      - Mobile processors
    - Miscellaneous
      - Analog computers
      - Hybrid systems
  - COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    - General
      - Data communications
      - Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI)
      - Security and protection (e.g., firewalls)
    - Network Architecture and Design
      - Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
      - Centralized networks
      - Circuit-switching networks
      - Distributed networks
      - Frame relay networks
      - ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
      - Network communications
      - Network topology
      - Packet-switching networks
      - Store and forward networks
      - Wireless communication
    - Network Protocols
      - Applications (SMTP, FTP, etc.)
      - Protocol architecture (OSI model)
      - Protocol verification
      - Routing protocols
    - Network Operations
      - Network management
      - Network monitoring
      - Public networks
    - Distributed Systems
      - Client/server
      - Distributed applications
      - Distributed databases
      - Network operating systems
    - Local and Wide-Area Networks
      - Access schemes
      - Buses
      - Ethernet (e.g., CSMA/CD)
      - High-speed (e.g., FDDI, fiber channel, ATM)
      - Internet (e.g., TCP/IP)
      - Token rings
    - Internetworking
      - Routers
      - Standards (e.g., TCP/IP)
    - Miscellaneous
  - SPECIAL-PURPOSE AND APPLICATION-BASED SYSTEMS
    - Microprocessor/microcomputer applications
    - Process control systems
    - Real-time and embedded systems
    - Signal processing systems
    - Smartcards
  - PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEMS
    - Design studies
    - Fault tolerance
    - Measurement techniques
    - Modeling techniques
    - Performance attributes
    - Reliability, availability, and serviceability
  - COMPUTER SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
    - General
    - Large and Medium (``Mainframe'') Computers
      - Super (very large) computers
    - Minicomputers
    - Microcomputers
      - Microprocessors
      - Personal computers
      - Portable devices (e.g., laptops, personal digital assistants)
      - Workstations
    - VLSI Systems
    - Servers
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Software
  - GENERAL
  - PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES
    - General
    - Applicative (Functional) Programming
    - Automatic Programming
    - Concurrent Programming
      - Distributed programming
      - Parallel programming
    - Sequential Programming
    - Object-oriented Programming
    - Logic Programming
    - Visual Programming
    - Miscellaneous
  - SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
    - General
      - Protection mechanisms
      - Standards
    - Requirements/Specifications
      - Elicitation methods (e.g., rapid prototyping, interviews, JAD)
      - Languages
      - Methodologies (e.g., object-oriented, structured)
      - Tools
    - Design Tools and Techniques
      - Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
      - Decision tables
      - Evolutionary prototyping
      - Flow charts
      - Modules and interfaces
      - Object-oriented design methods
      - Petri nets
      - Programmer workbench
      - Software libraries
      - State diagrams
      - Structured programming
      - Top-down programming
      - User interfaces
    - Coding Tools and Techniques
      - Object-oriented programming
      - Pretty printers
      - Program editors
      - Reentrant code
      - Standards
      - Structured programming
      - Top-down programming
    - Software/Program Verification
      - Assertion checkers
      - Class invariants
      - Correctness proofs
      - Formal methods
      - Model checking
      - Programming by contract
      - Reliability
      - Statistical methods
      - Validation
    - Testing and Debugging
      - Code inspections and walk-throughs
      - Debugging aids
      - Diagnostics
      - Distributed debugging
      - Dumps
      - Error handling and recovery
      - Monitors
      - Symbolic execution
      - Testing tools (e.g., data generators, coverage testing)
      - Tracing
    - Programming Environments
      - Graphical environments
      - Integrated environments
      - Interactive environments
      - Programmer workbench
    - Distribution, Maintenance, and Enhancement
      - Corrections
      - Documentation
      - Enhancement
      - Extensibility
      - Portability
      - Restructuring, reverse engineering, and reengineering
      - Version control
    - Metrics
      - Complexity measures
      - Performance measures
      - Process metrics
      - Product metrics
      - Software science
    - Management
      - Copyrights
      - Cost estimation
      - Life cycle
      - Productivity
      - Programming teams
      - Software configuration management
      - Software process models (e.g., CMM, ISO, PSP)
      - Software quality assurance (SQA)
      - Time estimation
    - Design
      - Methodologies
      - Representation
    - Software Architectures
      - Data abstraction
      - Domain-specific architectures
      - Information hiding
      - Languages (e.g., description, interconnection, definition)
      - Patterns (e.g., client/server, pipeline, blackboard)
    - Interoperability
      - Data mapping
      - Distributed objects
      - Interface definition languages
    - Reusable Software
      - Domain engineering
      - Reusable libraries
      - Reuse models
    - Miscellaneous
      - Rapid prototyping
      - Reusable software
  - PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
    - General
      - Standards
    - Formal Definitions and Theory
      - Semantics
      - Syntax
    - Language Classifications
      - Applicative (functional) languages
      - Concurrent, distributed, and parallel languages
      - Constraint and logic languages
      - Data-flow languages
      - Design languages
      - Extensible languages
      - Macro and assembly languages
      - Microprogramming languages
      - Multiparadigm languages
      - Nondeterministic languages
      - Nonprocedural languages
      - Object-oriented languages
      - Specialized application languages
      - Very high-level languages
    - Language Constructs and Features
      - Abstract data types
      - Classes and objects
      - Concurrent programming structures
      - Constraints
      - Control structures
      - Coroutines
      - Data types and structures
      - Dynamic storage management
      - Frameworks
      - Inheritance
      - Input/output
      - Modules, packages
      - Patterns
      - Polymorphism
      - Procedures, functions, and subroutines
      - Recursion
    - Processors
      - Code generation
      - Compilers
      - Debuggers
      - Incremental compilers
      - Interpreters
      - Memory management (garbage collection)
      - Optimization
      - Parsing
      - Preprocessors
      - Retargetable compilers
      - Run-time environments
      - Translator writing systems and compiler generators
    - Miscellaneous
  - OPERATING SYSTEMS
    - General
    - Process Management
      - Concurrency
      - Deadlocks
      - Multiprocessing/multiprogramming/multitasking
      - Mutual exclusion
      - Scheduling
      - Synchronization
      - Threads
    - Storage Management
      - Allocation/deallocation strategies
      - Distributed memories
      - Garbage collection
      - Main memory
      - Secondary storage
      - Segmentation
      - Storage hierarchies
      - Swapping
      - Virtual memory
    - File Systems Management
      - Access methods
      - Directory structures
      - Distributed file systems
      - File organization
      - Maintenance
    - Communications Management
      - Buffering
      - Input/output
      - Message sending
      - Network communication
      - Terminal management
    - Reliability
      - Backup procedures
      - Checkpoint/restart
      - Fault-tolerance
      - Verification
    - Security and Protection
      - Access controls
      - Authentication
      - Cryptographic controls
      - Information flow controls
      - Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
      - Security kernels
      - Verification
    - Organization and Design
      - Batch processing systems
      - Distributed systems
      - Hierarchical design
      - Interactive systems
      - Real-time systems and embedded systems
    - Performance
      - Measurements
      - Modeling and prediction
      - Monitors
      - Operational analysis
      - Queueing theory
      - Simulation
      - Stochastic analysis
    - Systems Programs and Utilities
      - Command and control languages
      - Linkers
      - Loaders
      - Window managers
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS
    - Software psychology
- Data
  - GENERAL
  - DATA STRUCTURES
    - Arrays
    - Distributed data structures
    - Graphs and networks
    - Lists, stacks, and queues
    - Records
    - Tables
    - Trees
  - DATA STORAGE REPRESENTATIONS
    - Composite structures
    - Contiguous representations
    - Hash-table representations
    - Linked representations
    - Object representation
    - Primitive data items
  - DATA ENCRYPTION
    - Code breaking
    - Data encryption standard (DES)
    - Public key cryptosystems
    - Standards (e.g., DES, PGP, RSA)
  - CODING AND INFORMATION THEORY
    - Data compaction and compression
    - Error control codes
    - Formal models of communication
    - Nonsecret encoding schemes
  - FILES
    - Backup/recovery
    - Optimization
    - Organization/structure
    - Sorting/searching
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Theory of Computation
  - GENERAL
  - COMPUTATION BY ABSTRACT DEVICES
    - General
    - Models of Computation
      - Automata (e.g., finite, push-down, resource-bounded)
      - Bounded-action devices (e.g., Turing machines, random access machines)
      - Computability theory
      - Relations between models
      - Self-modifying machines (e.g., neural networks)
      - Unbounded-action devices (e.g., cellular automata, circuits, networks of machines)
    - Modes of Computation
      - Alternation and nondeterminism
      - Interactive and reactive computation
      - Online computation
      - Parallelism and concurrency
      - Probabilistic computation
      - Relations among modes
      - Relativized computation
    - Complexity Measures and Classes
      - Complexity hierarchies
      - Machine-independent complexity
      - Reducibility and completeness
      - Relations among complexity classes
      - Relations among complexity measures
    - Miscellaneous
  - ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS AND PROBLEM COMPLEXITY
    - General
    - Numerical Algorithms and Problems
      - Computation of transforms (e.g., fast Fourier transform)
      - Computations in finite fields
      - Computations on matrices
      - Computations on polynomials
      - Number-theoretic computations (e.g., factoring, primality testing)
    - Nonnumerical Algorithms and Problems
      - Complexity of proof procedures
      - Computations on discrete structures
      - Geometrical problems and computations
      - Pattern matching
      - Routing and layout
      - Sequencing and scheduling
      - Sorting and searching
    - Tradeoffs between Complexity Measures
    - Miscellaneous
  - LOGICS AND MEANINGS OF PROGRAMS
    - General
    - Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs
      - Assertions
      - Invariants
      - Logics of programs
      - Mechanical verification
      - Pre- and post-conditions
      - Specification techniques
    - Semantics of Programming Languages
      - Algebraic approaches to semantics
      - Denotational semantics
      - Operational semantics
      - Partial evaluation
      - Process models
      - Program analysis
    - Studies of Program Constructs
      - Control primitives
      - Functional constructs
      - Object-oriented constructs
      - Program and recursion schemes
      - Type structure
    - Miscellaneous
  - MATHEMATICAL LOGIC AND FORMAL LANGUAGES
    - General
    - Mathematical Logic
      - Computability theory
      - Computational logic
      - Lambda calculus and related systems
      - Logic and constraint programming
      - Mechanical theorem proving
      - Modal logic
      - Model theory
      - Proof theory
      - Recursive function theory
      - Set theory
      - Temporal logic
    - Grammars and Other Rewriting Systems
      - Decision problems
      - Grammar types (e.g., context-free, context-sensitive)
      - Parallel rewriting systems (e.g., developmental systems, L-systems)
      - Parsing
      - Thue systems
    - Formal Languages
      - Algebraic language theory
      - Classes defined by grammars or automata (e.g., context-free languages, regular sets, recursive sets)
      - Classes defined by resource-bounded automata
      - Decision problems
      - Operations on languages
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Mathematics of Computing
  - GENERAL
  - NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
    - General
      - Computer arithmetic
      - Conditioning (and ill-conditioning)
      - Error analysis
      - Interval arithmetic
      - Multiple precision arithmetic
      - Numerical algorithms
      - Parallel algorithms
      - Stability (and instability)
    - Interpolation
      - Difference formulas
      - Extrapolation
      - Interpolation formulas
      - Smoothing
      - Spline and piecewise polynomial interpolation
    - Approximation
      - Approximation of surfaces and contours
      - Chebyshev approximation and theory
      - Elementary function approximation
      - Fast Fourier transforms (FFT)
      - Least squares approximation
      - Linear approximation
      - Minimax approximation and algorithms
      - Nonlinear approximation
      - Rational approximation
      - Special function approximations
      - Spline and piecewise polynomial approximation
      - Wavelets and fractals
    - Numerical Linear Algebra
      - Conditioning
      - Determinants
      - Eigenvalues and eigenvectors (direct and iterative methods)
      - Error analysis
      - Linear systems (direct and iterative methods)
      - Matrix inversion
      - Pseudoinverses
      - Singular value decomposition
      - Sparse, structured, and very large systems (direct and iterative methods)
    - Quadrature and Numerical Differentiation
      - Adaptive and iterative quadrature
      - Automatic differentiation
      - Equal interval integration
      - Error analysis
      - Finite difference methods
      - Gaussian quadrature
      - Iterative methods
      - Multidimensional (multiple) quadrature
    - Roots of Nonlinear Equations
      - Continuation (homotopy) methods
      - Convergence
      - Error analysis
      - Iterative methods
      - Polynomials, methods for
      - Systems of equations
    - Optimization
      - Constrained optimization
      - Convex programming
      - Global optimization
      - Gradient methods
      - Integer programming
      - Least squares methods
      - Linear programming
      - Nonlinear programming
      - Quadratic programming methods
      - Simulated annealing
      - Stochastic programming
      - Unconstrained optimization
    - Ordinary Differential Equations
      - Boundary value problems
      - Chaotic systems
      - Convergence and stability
      - Differential-algebraic equations
      - Error analysis
      - Finite difference methods
      - Initial value problems
      - Multistep and multivalue methods
      - One-step (single step) methods
      - Stiff equations
    - Partial Differential Equations
      - Domain decomposition methods
      - Elliptic equations
      - Finite difference methods
      - Finite element methods
      - Finite volume methods
      - Hyperbolic equations
      - Inverse problems
      - Iterative solution techniques
      - Method of lines
      - Multigrid and multilevel methods
      - Parabolic equations
      - Spectral methods
    - Integral Equations
      - Delay equations
      - Fredholm equations
      - Integro-differential equations
      - Volterra equations
    - Applications
    - Miscellaneous
  - DISCRETE MATHEMATICS
    - General
    - Combinatorics
      - Combinatorial algorithms
      - Counting problems
      - Generating functions
      - Permutations and combinations
      - Recurrences and difference equations
    - Graph Theory
      - Graph algorithms
      - Graph labeling
      - Hypergraphs
      - Network problems
      - Path and circuit problems
      - Trees
    - Applications
    - Miscellaneous
  - PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
    - Contingency table analysis
    - Correlation and regression analysis
    - Distribution functions
    - Experimental design
    - Markov processes
    - Multivariate statistics
    - Nonparametric statistics
    - Probabilistic algorithms (including Monte Carlo)
    - Queueing theory
    - Random number generation
    - Reliability and life testing
    - Renewal theory
    - Robust regression
    - Statistical computing
    - Statistical software
    - Stochastic processes
    - Survival analysis
    - Time series analysis
  - MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE
    - Algorithm design and analysis
    - Certification and testing
    - Documentation
    - Efficiency
    - Parallel and vector implementations
    - Portability
    - Reliability and robustness
    - User interfaces
    - Verification
  - MISCELLANEOUS
    - Queueing theory
- Information Systems
  - GENERAL
  - MODELS AND PRINCIPLES
    - General
    - Systems and Information Theory
      - General systems theory
      - Information theory
      - Value of information
    - User/Machine Systems
      - Human factors
      - Human information processing
      - Software psychology
    - Miscellaneous
  - DATABASE MANAGEMENT
    - General
      - Security, integrity, and protection
    - Logical Design
      - Data models
      - Normal forms
      - Schema and subschema
    - Physical Design
      - Access methods
      - Deadlock avoidance
      - Recovery and restart
    - Languages
      - Data description languages (DDL)
      - Data manipulation languages (DML)
      - Database (persistent) programming languages
      - Query languages
      - Report writers
    - Systems
      - Concurrency
      - Distributed databases
      - Multimedia databases
      - Object-oriented databases
      - Parallel databases
      - Query processing
      - Relational databases
      - Rule-based databases
      - Textual databases
      - Transaction processing
    - Heterogeneous Databases
      - Data translation
      - Program translation
    - Database Machines
    - Database Administration
      - Data dictionary/directory
      - Data warehouse and repository
      - Logging and recovery
      - Security, integrity, and protection
    - Database Applications
      - Data mining
      - Image databases
      - Scientific databases
      - Spatial databases and GIS
      - Statistical databases
    - Miscellaneous
  - INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL
    - General
    - Content Analysis and Indexing
      - Abstracting methods
      - Dictionaries
      - Indexing methods
      - Linguistic processing
      - Thesauruses
    - Information Storage
      - File organization
      - Record classification
    - Information Search and Retrieval
      - Clustering
      - Information filtering
      - Query formulation
      - Relevance feedback
      - Retrieval models
      - Search process
      - Selection process
    - Systems and Software
      - Current awareness systems (selective dissemination of information--SDI)
      - Distributed systems
      - Information networks
      - Performance evaluation (efficiency and effectiveness)
      - Question-answering (fact retrieval) systems
      - User profiles and alert services
    - Online Information Services
      - Commercial services
      - Data sharing
      - Web-based services
    - Library Automation
      - Large text archives
    - Digital Libraries
      - Collection
      - Dissemination
      - Standards
      - Systems issues
      - User issues
    - Miscellaneous
  - INFORMATION SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS
    - General
    - Office Automation
      - Desktop publishing
      - Equipment
      - Groupware
      - Spreadsheets
      - Time management (e.g., calendars, schedules)
      - Word processing
      - Workflow management
    - Types of Systems
      - Decision support (e.g., MIS)
      - Logistics
    - Communications Applications
      - Bulletin boards
      - Computer conferencing, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing
      - Electronic mail
      - Information browsers
      - Videotex
    - Miscellaneous
  - INFORMATION INTERFACES AND PRESENTATION (e.g., HCI)
    - General
    - Multimedia Information Systems
      - Animations
      - Artificial, augmented, and virtual realities
      - Audio input/output
      - Evaluation/methodology
      - Hypertext navigation and maps
      - Video (e.g., tape, disk, DVI)
    - User Interfaces
      - Auditory (non-speech) feedback
      - Benchmarking
      - Ergonomics
      - Evaluation/methodology
      - Graphical user interfaces (GUI)
      - Haptic I/O
      - Input devices and strategies (e.g., mouse, touchscreen)
      - Interaction styles (e.g., commands, menus, forms, direct manipulation)
      - Natural language
      - Prototyping
      - Screen design (e.g., text, graphics, color)
      - Standardization
      - Style guides
      - Theory and methods
      - Training, help, and documentation
      - User-centered design
      - User interface management systems (UIMS)
      - Voice I/O
      - Windowing systems
    - Group and Organization Interfaces
      - Asynchronous interaction
      - Collaborative computing
      - Computer-supported cooperative work
      - Evaluation/methodology
      - Organizational design
      - Synchronous interaction
      - Theory and models
      - Web-based interaction
    - Hypertext/Hypermedia
      - Architectures
      - Navigation
      - Theory
      - User issues
    - Sound and Music Computing
      - Methodologies and techniques
      - Modeling
      - Signal analysis, synthesis, and processing
      - Systems
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Computing Methodologies
  - GENERAL
  - SYMBOLIC AND ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION
    - General
    - Expressions and Their Representation
      - Representations (general and polynomial)
      - Simplification of expressions
    - Algorithms
      - Algebraic algorithms
      - Analysis of algorithms
      - Nonalgebraic algorithms
    - Languages and Systems
      - Evaluation strategies
      - Nonprocedural languages
      - Special-purpose algebraic systems
      - Special-purpose hardware
      - Substitution mechanisms
    - Applications
    - Miscellaneous
  - ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
    - General
      - Cognitive simulation
      - Philosophical foundations
    - Applications and Expert Systems
      - Cartography
      - Games
      - Industrial automation
      - Law
      - Medicine and science
      - Natural language interfaces
      - Office automation
    - Automatic Programming
      - Automatic analysis of algorithms
      - Program modification
      - Program synthesis
      - Program transformation
      - Program verification
    - Deduction and Theorem Proving
      - Answer/reason extraction
      - Deduction (e.g., natural, rule-based)
      - Inference engines
      - Logic programming
      - Mathematical induction
      - Metatheory
      - Nonmonotonic reasoning and belief revision
      - Resolution
      - Uncertainty, ``fuzzy,'' and probabilistic reasoning
    - Knowledge Representation Formalisms and Methods
      - Frames and scripts
      - Modal logic
      - Predicate logic
      - Relation systems
      - Representation languages
      - Representations (procedural and rule-based)
      - Semantic networks
      - Temporal logic
    - Programming Languages and Software
      - Expert system tools and techniques
    - Learning
      - Analogies
      - Concept learning
      - Connectionism and neural nets
      - Induction
      - Knowledge acquisition
      - Language acquisition
      - Parameter learning
    - Natural Language Processing
      - Discourse
      - Language generation
      - Language models
      - Language parsing and understanding
      - Machine translation
      - Speech recognition and synthesis
      - Text analysis
    - Problem Solving, Control Methods, and Search
      - Backtracking
      - Control theory
      - Dynamic programming
      - Graph and tree search strategies
      - Heuristic methods
      - Plan execution, formation, and generation
      - Scheduling
    - Robotics
      - Autonomous vehicles
      - Commercial robots and applications
      - Kinematics and dynamics
      - Manipulators
      - Operator interfaces
      - Propelling mechanisms
      - Sensors
      - Workcell organization and planning
    - Vision and Scene Understanding
      - 3D/stereo scene analysis
      - Architecture and control structures
      - Intensity, color, photometry, and thresholding
      - Modeling and recovery of physical attributes
      - Motion
      - Perceptual reasoning
      - Representations, data structures, and transforms
      - Shape
      - Texture
      - Video analysis
    - Distributed Artificial Intelligence
      - Coherence and coordination
      - Intelligent agents
      - Languages and structures
      - Multiagent systems
    - Miscellaneous
  - COMPUTER GRAPHICS
    - General
    - Hardware Architecture
      - Graphics processors
      - Hardcopy devices
      - Input devices
      - Parallel processing
      - Raster display devices
      - Storage devices
      - Three-dimensional displays
      - Vector display devices
    - Graphics Systems
      - Distributed/network graphics
      - Remote systems
      - Stand-alone systems
    - Picture/Image Generation
      - Antialiasing
      - Bitmap and framebuffer operations
      - Digitizing and scanning
      - Display algorithms
      - Line and curve generation
      - Viewing algorithms
    - Graphics Utilities
      - Application packages
      - Device drivers
      - Graphics editors
      - Graphics packages
      - Meta files
      - Paint systems
      - Picture description languages
      - Software support
      - Virtual device interfaces
    - Computational Geometry and Object Modeling
      - Boundary representations
      - Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
      - Curve, surface, solid, and object representations
      - Geometric algorithms, languages, and systems
      - Hierarchy and geometric transformations
      - Modeling packages
      - Object hierarchies
      - Physically based modeling
      - Splines
    - Methodology and Techniques
      - Device independence
      - Ergonomics
      - Graphics data structures and data types
      - Interaction techniques
      - Languages
      - Standards
    - Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism
      - Animation
      - Color, shading, shadowing, and texture
      - Fractals
      - Hidden line/surface removal
      - Radiosity
      - Raytracing
      - Virtual reality
      - Visible line/surface algorithms
    - Applications
    - Miscellaneous
  - IMAGE PROCESSING AND COMPUTER VISION
    - General
      - Image displays
      - Image processing software
    - Digitization and Image Capture
      - Camera calibration
      - Imaging geometry
      - Quantization
      - Radiometry
      - Reflectance
      - Sampling
      - Scanning
    - Compression (Coding)
      - Approximate methods
      - Exact coding
    - Enhancement
      - Filtering
      - Geometric correction
      - Grayscale manipulation
      - Registration
      - Sharpening and deblurring
      - Smoothing
    - Restoration
      - Inverse filtering
      - Kalman filtering
      - Pseudoinverse restoration
      - Wiener filtering
    - Reconstruction
      - Series expansion methods
      - Summation methods
      - Transform methods
    - Segmentation
      - Edge and feature detection
      - Pixel classification
      - Region growing, partitioning
      - Relaxation
    - Feature Measurement
      - Feature representation
      - Invariants
      - Moments
      - Projections
      - Size and shape
      - Texture
    - Scene Analysis
      - Color
      - Depth cues
      - Motion
      - Object recognition
      - Photometry
      - Range data
      - Sensor fusion
      - Shading
      - Shape
      - Stereo
      - Surface fitting
      - Time-varying imagery
      - Tracking
    - Applications
    - Image Representation
      - Hierarchical
      - Morphological
      - Multidimensional
      - Statistical
      - Volumetric
    - Miscellaneous
  - PATTERN RECOGNITION
    - General
    - Models
      - Deterministic
      - Fuzzy set
      - Geometric
      - Neural nets
      - Statistical
      - Structural
    - Design Methodology
      - Classifier design and evaluation
      - Feature evaluation and selection
      - Pattern analysis
    - Clustering
      - Algorithms
      - Similarity measures
    - Applications
      - Computer vision
      - Signal processing
      - Text processing
      - Waveform analysis
    - Implementation
      - Interactive systems
      - Special architectures
    - Miscellaneous
  - SIMULATION AND MODELING
    - General
    - Simulation Theory
      - Model classification
      - Systems theory
      - Types of simulation (continuous and discrete)
    - Simulation Languages
    - Applications
    - Model Validation and Analysis
    - Model Development
      - Modeling methodologies
    - Simulation Output Analysis
    - Simulation Support Systems
      - Environments
    - Types of Simulation
      - Animation
      - Combined
      - Continuous
      - Discrete event
      - Distributed
      - Gaming
      - Monte Carlo
      - Parallel
      - Visual
    - Miscellaneous
  - DOCUMENT AND TEXT PROCESSING
    - General
    - Document and Text Editing
      - Document management
      - Languages
      - Spelling
      - Version control
    - Document Preparation
      - Desktop publishing
      - Format and notation
      - Hypertext/hypermedia
      - Index generation
      - Languages and systems
      - Markup languages
      - Multi/mixed media
      - Photocomposition/typesetting
      - Scripting languages
      - Standards
    - Index Generation
    - Electronic Publishing
    - Document Capture
      - Document analysis
      - Graphics recognition and interpretation
      - Optical character recognition (OCR)
      - Scanning
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Computer Applications
  - GENERAL
  - ADMINISTRATIVE DATA PROCESSING
    - Business
    - Education
    - Financial (e.g., EFTS)
    - Government
    - Law
    - Manufacturing
    - Marketing
    - Military
  - PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING
    - Aerospace
    - Archaeology
    - Astronomy
    - Chemistry
    - Earth and atmospheric sciences
    - Electronics
    - Engineering
    - Mathematics and statistics
    - Physics
  - LIFE AND MEDICAL SCIENCES
    - Biology and genetics
    - Health
    - Medical information systems
  - SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
    - Economics
    - Psychology
    - Sociology
  - ARTS AND HUMANITIES
    - Architecture
    - Arts, fine and performing
    - Fine arts
    - Language translation
    - Linguistics
    - Literature
    - Music
    - Performing arts (e.g., dance, music)
  - COMPUTER-AIDED ENGINEERING
    - Computer-aided design (CAD)
    - Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
  - COMPUTERS IN OTHER SYSTEMS
    - Command and control
    - Consumer products
    - Industrial control
    - Military
    - Process control
    - Publishing
    - Real time
  - MISCELLANEOUS
- Computing Milieux
  - GENERAL
  - THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY
    - Markets
    - Standards
    - Statistics
    - Suppliers
  - HISTORY OF COMPUTING
    - Hardware
    - People
    - Software
    - Systems
    - Theory
  - COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION
    - General
    - Computer Uses in Education
      - Collaborative learning
      - Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
      - Computer-managed instruction (CMI)
      - Distance learning
    - Computer and Information Science Education
      - Accreditation
      - Computer science education
      - Curriculum
      - Information systems education
      - Literacy
      - Self-assessment
    - Miscellaneous
      - Accreditation
      - Computer literacy
  - COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY
    - General
    - Public Policy Issues
      - Abuse and crime involving computers
      - Computer-related health issues
      - Ethics
      - Human safety
      - Intellectual property rights
      - Privacy
      - Regulation
      - Transborder data flow
      - Use/abuse of power
    - Social Issues
      - Abuse and crime involving computers
      - Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities
      - Employment
      - Handicapped persons/special needs
    - Organizational Impacts
      - Automation
      - Computer-supported collaborative work
      - Employment
      - Reengineering
    - Electronic Commerce
      - Cybercash, digital cash
      - Distributed commercial transactions
      - Electronic data interchange (EDI)
      - Intellectual property
      - Payment schemes
      - Security
    - Miscellaneous
  - LEGAL ASPECTS OF COMPUTING
    - General
    - Hardware/Software Protection
      - Copyrights
      - Licensing
      - Patents
      - Proprietary rights
      - Trade secrets
    - Governmental Issues
      - Censorship
      - Regulation
      - Taxation
    - Miscellaneous
      - Contracts
      - Hardware patents
  - MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
    - General
      - Economics
    - Project and People Management
      - Life cycle
      - Management techniques (e.g., PERT/CPM)
      - Staffing
      - Strategic information systems planning
      - Systems analysis and design
      - Systems development
      - Training
    - Installation Management
      - Benchmarks
      - Computer selection
      - Computing equipment management
      - Performance and usage measurement
      - Pricing and resource allocation
    - Software Management
      - Software development
      - Software maintenance
      - Software process
      - Software selection
    - System Management
      - Centralization/decentralization
      - Management audit
      - Quality assurance
    - Security and Protection
      - Authentication
      - Insurance
      - Invasive software (e.g., viruses, worms, Trojan horses)
      - Physical security
      - Unauthorized access (e.g., hacking, phreaking)
    - Miscellaneous
      - Insurance
      - Security
  - THE COMPUTING PROFESSION
    - General
    - Occupations
    - Organizations
    - Testing, Certification, and Licensing
    - Professional Ethics
      - Codes of ethics
      - Codes of good practice
      - Ethical dilemmas
    - Miscellaneous
      - Codes of good practice
      - Ethics
  - PERSONAL COMPUTING
    - Games
    - General
      - Games
    - Application Packages
      - Data communications
      - Database processing
      - Freeware/shareware
      - Graphics
      - Spreadsheets
      - Word processing
    - Hardware
    - Management/Maintenance
    - Miscellaneous
  - MISCELLANEOUS

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